MultiIndex / 高级索引#

本节涵盖了使用 MultiIndex 进行索引其他高级索引特性

有关一般索引文档,请参阅索引和选择数据

警告

对于设置操作,返回副本还是引用可能取决于上下文。这有时被称为chained assignment,应避免使用。请参阅返回视图还是副本

有关一些高级策略,请参阅代码示例集

层次化索引 (MultiIndex)#

层次化 / 多级索引非常令人兴奋,因为它为一些相当复杂的数据分析和操作打开了大门,特别是在处理更高维度数据时。本质上,它使您能够在像Series (1d) 和DataFrame (2d) 这样的低维度数据结构中存储和操作具有任意维度的数据。

在本节中,我们将展示“层次化”索引的确切含义,以及它如何与上面和前几节中描述的所有 pandas 索引功能集成。稍后,在讨论分组(group by)数据重塑和透视时,我们将展示非平凡的应用,以说明它如何帮助组织数据进行分析。

有关一些高级策略,请参阅代码示例集

创建 MultiIndex(层次化索引)对象#

MultiIndex 对象是标准Index 对象的层次化对应物,标准 Index 对象通常存储 pandas 对象的轴标签。您可以将MultiIndex 视为一个元组数组,其中每个元组都是唯一的。可以使用数组列表(使用MultiIndex.from_arrays())、元组数组(使用MultiIndex.from_tuples())、可迭代对象的交叉集(使用MultiIndex.from_product())或DataFrame(使用MultiIndex.from_frame())来创建 MultiIndex。当传递元组列表时,Index 构造函数会尝试返回一个MultiIndex。以下示例演示了初始化 MultiIndexes 的不同方式。

In [1]: arrays = [
   ...:     ["bar", "bar", "baz", "baz", "foo", "foo", "qux", "qux"],
   ...:     ["one", "two", "one", "two", "one", "two", "one", "two"],
   ...: ]
   ...: 

In [2]: tuples = list(zip(*arrays))

In [3]: tuples
Out[3]: 
[('bar', 'one'),
 ('bar', 'two'),
 ('baz', 'one'),
 ('baz', 'two'),
 ('foo', 'one'),
 ('foo', 'two'),
 ('qux', 'one'),
 ('qux', 'two')]

In [4]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=["first", "second"])

In [5]: index
Out[5]: 
MultiIndex([('bar', 'one'),
            ('bar', 'two'),
            ('baz', 'one'),
            ('baz', 'two'),
            ('foo', 'one'),
            ('foo', 'two'),
            ('qux', 'one'),
            ('qux', 'two')],
           names=['first', 'second'])

In [6]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(8), index=index)

In [7]: s
Out[7]: 
first  second
bar    one       0.469112
       two      -0.282863
baz    one      -1.509059
       two      -1.135632
foo    one       1.212112
       two      -0.173215
qux    one       0.119209
       two      -1.044236
dtype: float64

当您想要两个可迭代对象中元素的每个配对时,使用MultiIndex.from_product() 方法会更容易

In [8]: iterables = [["bar", "baz", "foo", "qux"], ["one", "two"]]

In [9]: pd.MultiIndex.from_product(iterables, names=["first", "second"])
Out[9]: 
MultiIndex([('bar', 'one'),
            ('bar', 'two'),
            ('baz', 'one'),
            ('baz', 'two'),
            ('foo', 'one'),
            ('foo', 'two'),
            ('qux', 'one'),
            ('qux', 'two')],
           names=['first', 'second'])

您还可以直接从DataFrame 构建MultiIndex,使用方法MultiIndex.from_frame()。这是对MultiIndex.to_frame() 方法的补充。

In [10]: df = pd.DataFrame(
   ....:     [["bar", "one"], ["bar", "two"], ["foo", "one"], ["foo", "two"]],
   ....:     columns=["first", "second"],
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [11]: pd.MultiIndex.from_frame(df)
Out[11]: 
MultiIndex([('bar', 'one'),
            ('bar', 'two'),
            ('foo', 'one'),
            ('foo', 'two')],
           names=['first', 'second'])

为方便起见,您可以直接将数组列表传递给SeriesDataFrame 以自动构建 MultiIndex

In [12]: arrays = [
   ....:     np.array(["bar", "bar", "baz", "baz", "foo", "foo", "qux", "qux"]),
   ....:     np.array(["one", "two", "one", "two", "one", "two", "one", "two"]),
   ....: ]
   ....: 

In [13]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(8), index=arrays)

In [14]: s
Out[14]: 
bar  one   -0.861849
     two   -2.104569
baz  one   -0.494929
     two    1.071804
foo  one    0.721555
     two   -0.706771
qux  one   -1.039575
     two    0.271860
dtype: float64

In [15]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), index=arrays)

In [16]: df
Out[16]: 
                0         1         2         3
bar one -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
    two -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
baz one  0.404705  0.577046 -1.715002 -1.039268
    two -0.370647 -1.157892 -1.344312  0.844885
foo one  1.075770 -0.109050  1.643563 -1.469388
    two  0.357021 -0.674600 -1.776904 -0.968914
qux one -1.294524  0.413738  0.276662 -0.472035
    two -0.013960 -0.362543 -0.006154 -0.923061

所有 MultiIndex 构造函数都接受一个 names 参数,用于存储级别的字符串名称。如果未提供名称,则会分配 None

In [17]: df.index.names
Out[17]: FrozenList([None, None])

此索引可以支持 pandas 对象的任何轴,索引的**级别**数量由您决定

In [18]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(3, 8), index=["A", "B", "C"], columns=index)

In [19]: df
Out[19]: 
first        bar                 baz  ...       foo       qux          
second       one       two       one  ...       two       one       two
A       0.895717  0.805244 -1.206412  ...  1.340309 -1.170299 -0.226169
B       0.410835  0.813850  0.132003  ... -1.187678  1.130127 -1.436737
C      -1.413681  1.607920  1.024180  ... -2.211372  0.974466 -2.006747

[3 rows x 8 columns]

In [20]: pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 6), index=index[:6], columns=index[:6])
Out[20]: 
first              bar                 baz                 foo          
second             one       two       one       two       one       two
first second                                                            
bar   one    -0.410001 -0.078638  0.545952 -1.219217 -1.226825  0.769804
      two    -1.281247 -0.727707 -0.121306 -0.097883  0.695775  0.341734
baz   one     0.959726 -1.110336 -0.619976  0.149748 -0.732339  0.687738
      two     0.176444  0.403310 -0.154951  0.301624 -2.179861 -1.369849
foo   one    -0.954208  1.462696 -1.743161 -0.826591 -0.345352  1.314232
      two     0.690579  0.995761  2.396780  0.014871  3.357427 -0.317441

我们已将索引的更高级别“稀疏化”,以使控制台输出更易于查看。请注意,索引的显示方式可以使用 pandas.set_options() 中的 multi_sparse 选项进行控制

In [21]: with pd.option_context("display.multi_sparse", False):
   ....:     df
   ....: 

值得注意的是,没有任何东西阻止您使用元组作为轴上的原子标签

In [22]: pd.Series(np.random.randn(8), index=tuples)
Out[22]: 
(bar, one)   -1.236269
(bar, two)    0.896171
(baz, one)   -0.487602
(baz, two)   -0.082240
(foo, one)   -2.182937
(foo, two)    0.380396
(qux, one)    0.084844
(qux, two)    0.432390
dtype: float64

之所以 MultiIndex 很重要,是因为它可以让您进行分组、选择和重塑操作,我们将在下面和文档的后续部分进行描述。正如您将在后面部分看到的那样,您可能会发现自己正在处理层次化索引数据,而无需自己显式创建 MultiIndex。但是,从文件加载数据时,您可能希望在准备数据集时生成自己的 MultiIndex

重建级别标签#

方法get_level_values() 将返回特定级别上每个位置的标签向量

In [23]: index.get_level_values(0)
Out[23]: Index(['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz', 'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'], dtype='object', name='first')

In [24]: index.get_level_values("second")
Out[24]: Index(['one', 'two', 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two'], dtype='object', name='second')

MultiIndex 轴上的基本索引#

层次化索引的一个重要特性是,您可以通过标识数据中子组的“部分”标签来选择数据。**部分**选择以与在常规 DataFrame 中选择列完全类似的方式“丢弃”层次化索引的级别

In [25]: df["bar"]
Out[25]: 
second       one       two
A       0.895717  0.805244
B       0.410835  0.813850
C      -1.413681  1.607920

In [26]: df["bar", "one"]
Out[26]: 
A    0.895717
B    0.410835
C   -1.413681
Name: (bar, one), dtype: float64

In [27]: df["bar"]["one"]
Out[27]: 
A    0.895717
B    0.410835
C   -1.413681
Name: one, dtype: float64

In [28]: s["qux"]
Out[28]: 
one   -1.039575
two    0.271860
dtype: float64

有关如何在更深级别进行选择,请参阅使用层次化索引进行截面选择

定义的级别#

即使索引的某些已定义级别实际上并未被使用,MultiIndex 也会保留它们。在对索引进行切片时,您可能会注意到这一点。例如

In [29]: df.columns.levels  # original MultiIndex
Out[29]: FrozenList([['bar', 'baz', 'foo', 'qux'], ['one', 'two']])

In [30]: df[["foo","qux"]].columns.levels  # sliced
Out[30]: FrozenList([['bar', 'baz', 'foo', 'qux'], ['one', 'two']])

这样做是为了避免重新计算级别,从而使切片操作具有很高的性能。如果您只想查看已使用的级别,可以使用get_level_values() 方法。

In [31]: df[["foo", "qux"]].columns.to_numpy()
Out[31]: 
array([('foo', 'one'), ('foo', 'two'), ('qux', 'one'), ('qux', 'two')],
      dtype=object)

# for a specific level
In [32]: df[["foo", "qux"]].columns.get_level_values(0)
Out[32]: Index(['foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'], dtype='object', name='first')

要仅使用已使用的级别重建MultiIndex,可以使用remove_unused_levels() 方法。

In [33]: new_mi = df[["foo", "qux"]].columns.remove_unused_levels()

In [34]: new_mi.levels
Out[34]: FrozenList([['foo', 'qux'], ['one', 'two']])

数据对齐和使用 reindex#

具有MultiIndex 的不同索引对象之间的操作将按预期进行;数据对齐将与元组索引的工作方式相同

In [35]: s + s[:-2]
Out[35]: 
bar  one   -1.723698
     two   -4.209138
baz  one   -0.989859
     two    2.143608
foo  one    1.443110
     two   -1.413542
qux  one         NaN
     two         NaN
dtype: float64

In [36]: s + s[::2]
Out[36]: 
bar  one   -1.723698
     two         NaN
baz  one   -0.989859
     two         NaN
foo  one    1.443110
     two         NaN
qux  one   -2.079150
     two         NaN
dtype: float64

Series/DataFramesreindex() 方法可以调用另一个MultiIndex,甚至是一个元组列表或数组

In [37]: s.reindex(index[:3])
Out[37]: 
first  second
bar    one      -0.861849
       two      -2.104569
baz    one      -0.494929
dtype: float64

In [38]: s.reindex([("foo", "two"), ("bar", "one"), ("qux", "one"), ("baz", "one")])
Out[38]: 
foo  two   -0.706771
bar  one   -0.861849
qux  one   -1.039575
baz  one   -0.494929
dtype: float64

使用层次化索引进行高级索引#

在高级索引中将MultiIndex.loc 语法集成有点挑战性,但我们已尽最大努力实现。通常,MultiIndex 键采用元组的形式。例如,以下代码按预期工作

In [39]: df = df.T

In [40]: df
Out[40]: 
                     A         B         C
first second                              
bar   one     0.895717  0.410835 -1.413681
      two     0.805244  0.813850  1.607920
baz   one    -1.206412  0.132003  1.024180
      two     2.565646 -0.827317  0.569605
foo   one     1.431256 -0.076467  0.875906
      two     1.340309 -1.187678 -2.211372
qux   one    -1.170299  1.130127  0.974466
      two    -0.226169 -1.436737 -2.006747

In [41]: df.loc[("bar", "two")]
Out[41]: 
A    0.805244
B    0.813850
C    1.607920
Name: (bar, two), dtype: float64

请注意,在此示例中,df.loc['bar', 'two'] 也能工作,但这种简写表示法通常可能导致歧义。

如果您还想使用.loc 索引特定列,则必须使用如下元组

In [42]: df.loc[("bar", "two"), "A"]
Out[42]: 0.8052440253863785

您不必通过仅传递元组的第一个元素来指定MultiIndex 的所有级别。例如,您可以使用“部分”索引来获取第一级中所有带有 bar 的元素,如下所示

In [43]: df.loc["bar"]
Out[43]: 
               A         B         C
second                              
one     0.895717  0.410835 -1.413681
two     0.805244  0.813850  1.607920

这是稍显冗长的表示法 df.loc[('bar',),] (在此示例中等同于 df.loc['bar',])的快捷方式。

“部分”切片也很好用。

In [44]: df.loc["baz":"foo"]
Out[44]: 
                     A         B         C
first second                              
baz   one    -1.206412  0.132003  1.024180
      two     2.565646 -0.827317  0.569605
foo   one     1.431256 -0.076467  0.875906
      two     1.340309 -1.187678 -2.211372

您可以通过提供元组切片来使用值“范围”进行切片。

In [45]: df.loc[("baz", "two"):("qux", "one")]
Out[45]: 
                     A         B         C
first second                              
baz   two     2.565646 -0.827317  0.569605
foo   one     1.431256 -0.076467  0.875906
      two     1.340309 -1.187678 -2.211372
qux   one    -1.170299  1.130127  0.974466

In [46]: df.loc[("baz", "two"):"foo"]
Out[46]: 
                     A         B         C
first second                              
baz   two     2.565646 -0.827317  0.569605
foo   one     1.431256 -0.076467  0.875906
      two     1.340309 -1.187678 -2.211372

传递标签列表或元组的工作方式类似于 reindexing

In [47]: df.loc[[("bar", "two"), ("qux", "one")]]
Out[47]: 
                     A         B         C
first second                              
bar   two     0.805244  0.813850  1.607920
qux   one    -1.170299  1.130127  0.974466

注意

重要的是要注意,在索引方面,pandas 中的元组和列表的处理方式不同。元组被解释为一个多级键,而列表用于指定多个键。换句话说,元组是水平遍历级别,列表是垂直扫描级别。

重要的是,元组列表索引的是多个完整的MultiIndex 键,而元组的列表则指的是一个级别内的多个值

In [48]: s = pd.Series(
   ....:     [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
   ....:     index=pd.MultiIndex.from_product([["A", "B"], ["c", "d", "e"]]),
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [49]: s.loc[[("A", "c"), ("B", "d")]]  # list of tuples
Out[49]: 
A  c    1
B  d    5
dtype: int64

In [50]: s.loc[(["A", "B"], ["c", "d"])]  # tuple of lists
Out[50]: 
A  c    1
   d    2
B  c    4
   d    5
dtype: int64

使用切片器#

您可以通过提供多个索引器来对 MultiIndex 进行切片。

您可以提供任何选择器,就像按标签索引一样,请参阅按标签选择,包括切片、标签列表、标签和布尔索引器。

您可以使用 slice(None) 来选择*该*级别的所有内容。您无需指定所有*更深*的级别,它们将被隐含为 slice(None)

像往常一样,切片器的**两侧**都包含在内,因为这是标签索引。

警告

您应该在 .loc 指定器中指定所有轴,这意味着索引器用于**索引**和**列**。在某些模棱两可的情况下,传递的索引器可能被误解为同时索引*两个*轴,而不是索引到例如行的 MultiIndex

您应该这样做

df.loc[(slice("A1", "A3"), ...), :]  # noqa: E999

您**不**应该这样做

df.loc[(slice("A1", "A3"), ...)]  # noqa: E999
In [51]: def mklbl(prefix, n):
   ....:     return ["%s%s" % (prefix, i) for i in range(n)]
   ....: 

In [52]: miindex = pd.MultiIndex.from_product(
   ....:     [mklbl("A", 4), mklbl("B", 2), mklbl("C", 4), mklbl("D", 2)]
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [53]: micolumns = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(
   ....:     [("a", "foo"), ("a", "bar"), ("b", "foo"), ("b", "bah")], names=["lvl0", "lvl1"]
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [54]: dfmi = (
   ....:     pd.DataFrame(
   ....:         np.arange(len(miindex) * len(micolumns)).reshape(
   ....:             (len(miindex), len(micolumns))
   ....:         ),
   ....:         index=miindex,
   ....:         columns=micolumns,
   ....:     )
   ....:     .sort_index()
   ....:     .sort_index(axis=1)
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [55]: dfmi
Out[55]: 
lvl0           a         b     
lvl1         bar  foo  bah  foo
A0 B0 C0 D0    1    0    3    2
         D1    5    4    7    6
      C1 D0    9    8   11   10
         D1   13   12   15   14
      C2 D0   17   16   19   18
...          ...  ...  ...  ...
A3 B1 C1 D1  237  236  239  238
      C2 D0  241  240  243  242
         D1  245  244  247  246
      C3 D0  249  248  251  250
         D1  253  252  255  254

[64 rows x 4 columns]

使用切片、列表和标签进行基本的 MultiIndex 切片。

In [56]: dfmi.loc[(slice("A1", "A3"), slice(None), ["C1", "C3"]), :]
Out[56]: 
lvl0           a         b     
lvl1         bar  foo  bah  foo
A1 B0 C1 D0   73   72   75   74
         D1   77   76   79   78
      C3 D0   89   88   91   90
         D1   93   92   95   94
   B1 C1 D0  105  104  107  106
...          ...  ...  ...  ...
A3 B0 C3 D1  221  220  223  222
   B1 C1 D0  233  232  235  234
         D1  237  236  239  238
      C3 D0  249  248  251  250
         D1  253  252  255  254

[24 rows x 4 columns]

您可以使用pandas.IndexSlice 来实现更自然的语法,使用 : 代替 slice(None)

In [57]: idx = pd.IndexSlice

In [58]: dfmi.loc[idx[:, :, ["C1", "C3"]], idx[:, "foo"]]
Out[58]: 
lvl0           a    b
lvl1         foo  foo
A0 B0 C1 D0    8   10
         D1   12   14
      C3 D0   24   26
         D1   28   30
   B1 C1 D0   40   42
...          ...  ...
A3 B0 C3 D1  220  222
   B1 C1 D0  232  234
         D1  236  238
      C3 D0  248  250
         D1  252  254

[32 rows x 2 columns]

使用此方法可以同时在多个轴上执行相当复杂的选择。

In [59]: dfmi.loc["A1", (slice(None), "foo")]
Out[59]: 
lvl0        a    b
lvl1      foo  foo
B0 C0 D0   64   66
      D1   68   70
   C1 D0   72   74
      D1   76   78
   C2 D0   80   82
...       ...  ...
B1 C1 D1  108  110
   C2 D0  112  114
      D1  116  118
   C3 D0  120  122
      D1  124  126

[16 rows x 2 columns]

In [60]: dfmi.loc[idx[:, :, ["C1", "C3"]], idx[:, "foo"]]
Out[60]: 
lvl0           a    b
lvl1         foo  foo
A0 B0 C1 D0    8   10
         D1   12   14
      C3 D0   24   26
         D1   28   30
   B1 C1 D0   40   42
...          ...  ...
A3 B0 C3 D1  220  222
   B1 C1 D0  232  234
         D1  236  238
      C3 D0  248  250
         D1  252  254

[32 rows x 2 columns]

使用布尔索引器,您可以提供与*值*相关的选择。

In [61]: mask = dfmi[("a", "foo")] > 200

In [62]: dfmi.loc[idx[mask, :, ["C1", "C3"]], idx[:, "foo"]]
Out[62]: 
lvl0           a    b
lvl1         foo  foo
A3 B0 C1 D1  204  206
      C3 D0  216  218
         D1  220  222
   B1 C1 D0  232  234
         D1  236  238
      C3 D0  248  250
         D1  252  254

您还可以向 .loc 指定 axis 参数,以在单个轴上解释传递的切片器。

In [63]: dfmi.loc(axis=0)[:, :, ["C1", "C3"]]
Out[63]: 
lvl0           a         b     
lvl1         bar  foo  bah  foo
A0 B0 C1 D0    9    8   11   10
         D1   13   12   15   14
      C3 D0   25   24   27   26
         D1   29   28   31   30
   B1 C1 D0   41   40   43   42
...          ...  ...  ...  ...
A3 B0 C3 D1  221  220  223  222
   B1 C1 D0  233  232  235  234
         D1  237  236  239  238
      C3 D0  249  248  251  250
         D1  253  252  255  254

[32 rows x 4 columns]

此外,您可以使用以下方法来*设置*值。

In [64]: df2 = dfmi.copy()

In [65]: df2.loc(axis=0)[:, :, ["C1", "C3"]] = -10

In [66]: df2
Out[66]: 
lvl0           a         b     
lvl1         bar  foo  bah  foo
A0 B0 C0 D0    1    0    3    2
         D1    5    4    7    6
      C1 D0  -10  -10  -10  -10
         D1  -10  -10  -10  -10
      C2 D0   17   16   19   18
...          ...  ...  ...  ...
A3 B1 C1 D1  -10  -10  -10  -10
      C2 D0  241  240  243  242
         D1  245  244  247  246
      C3 D0  -10  -10  -10  -10
         D1  -10  -10  -10  -10

[64 rows x 4 columns]

您也可以使用可对齐对象的右侧。

In [67]: df2 = dfmi.copy()

In [68]: df2.loc[idx[:, :, ["C1", "C3"]], :] = df2 * 1000

In [69]: df2
Out[69]: 
lvl0              a               b        
lvl1            bar     foo     bah     foo
A0 B0 C0 D0       1       0       3       2
         D1       5       4       7       6
      C1 D0    9000    8000   11000   10000
         D1   13000   12000   15000   14000
      C2 D0      17      16      19      18
...             ...     ...     ...     ...
A3 B1 C1 D1  237000  236000  239000  238000
      C2 D0     241     240     243     242
         D1     245     244     247     246
      C3 D0  249000  248000  251000  250000
         D1  253000  252000  255000  254000

[64 rows x 4 columns]

截面选择#

DataFramexs() 方法还接受一个 level 参数,以方便选择 MultiIndex 特定级别的数据。

In [70]: df
Out[70]: 
                     A         B         C
first second                              
bar   one     0.895717  0.410835 -1.413681
      two     0.805244  0.813850  1.607920
baz   one    -1.206412  0.132003  1.024180
      two     2.565646 -0.827317  0.569605
foo   one     1.431256 -0.076467  0.875906
      two     1.340309 -1.187678 -2.211372
qux   one    -1.170299  1.130127  0.974466
      two    -0.226169 -1.436737 -2.006747

In [71]: df.xs("one", level="second")
Out[71]: 
              A         B         C
first                              
bar    0.895717  0.410835 -1.413681
baz   -1.206412  0.132003  1.024180
foo    1.431256 -0.076467  0.875906
qux   -1.170299  1.130127  0.974466
# using the slicers
In [72]: df.loc[(slice(None), "one"), :]
Out[72]: 
                     A         B         C
first second                              
bar   one     0.895717  0.410835 -1.413681
baz   one    -1.206412  0.132003  1.024180
foo   one     1.431256 -0.076467  0.875906
qux   one    -1.170299  1.130127  0.974466

您还可以通过提供 axis 参数,使用 xs 在列上进行选择。

In [73]: df = df.T

In [74]: df.xs("one", level="second", axis=1)
Out[74]: 
first       bar       baz       foo       qux
A      0.895717 -1.206412  1.431256 -1.170299
B      0.410835  0.132003 -0.076467  1.130127
C     -1.413681  1.024180  0.875906  0.974466
# using the slicers
In [75]: df.loc[:, (slice(None), "one")]
Out[75]: 
first        bar       baz       foo       qux
second       one       one       one       one
A       0.895717 -1.206412  1.431256 -1.170299
B       0.410835  0.132003 -0.076467  1.130127
C      -1.413681  1.024180  0.875906  0.974466

xs 也允许使用多个键进行选择。

In [76]: df.xs(("one", "bar"), level=("second", "first"), axis=1)
Out[76]: 
first        bar
second       one
A       0.895717
B       0.410835
C      -1.413681
# using the slicers
In [77]: df.loc[:, ("bar", "one")]
Out[77]: 
A    0.895717
B    0.410835
C   -1.413681
Name: (bar, one), dtype: float64

您可以向 xs 传递 drop_level=False 以保留所选的级别。

In [78]: df.xs("one", level="second", axis=1, drop_level=False)
Out[78]: 
first        bar       baz       foo       qux
second       one       one       one       one
A       0.895717 -1.206412  1.431256 -1.170299
B       0.410835  0.132003 -0.076467  1.130127
C      -1.413681  1.024180  0.875906  0.974466

将上述结果与使用 drop_level=True(默认值)的结果进行比较。

In [79]: df.xs("one", level="second", axis=1, drop_level=True)
Out[79]: 
first       bar       baz       foo       qux
A      0.895717 -1.206412  1.431256 -1.170299
B      0.410835  0.132003 -0.076467  1.130127
C     -1.413681  1.024180  0.875906  0.974466

高级 reindexing 和对齐#

在 pandas 对象的reindex()align() 方法中使用参数 level 对于跨级别广播值非常有用。例如

In [80]: midx = pd.MultiIndex(
   ....:     levels=[["zero", "one"], ["x", "y"]], codes=[[1, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1, 0]]
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [81]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(4, 2), index=midx)

In [82]: df
Out[82]: 
               0         1
one  y  1.519970 -0.493662
     x  0.600178  0.274230
zero y  0.132885 -0.023688
     x  2.410179  1.450520

In [83]: df2 = df.groupby(level=0).mean()

In [84]: df2
Out[84]: 
             0         1
one   1.060074 -0.109716
zero  1.271532  0.713416

In [85]: df2.reindex(df.index, level=0)
Out[85]: 
               0         1
one  y  1.060074 -0.109716
     x  1.060074 -0.109716
zero y  1.271532  0.713416
     x  1.271532  0.713416

# aligning
In [86]: df_aligned, df2_aligned = df.align(df2, level=0)

In [87]: df_aligned
Out[87]: 
               0         1
one  y  1.519970 -0.493662
     x  0.600178  0.274230
zero y  0.132885 -0.023688
     x  2.410179  1.450520

In [88]: df2_aligned
Out[88]: 
               0         1
one  y  1.060074 -0.109716
     x  1.060074 -0.109716
zero y  1.271532  0.713416
     x  1.271532  0.713416

使用 swaplevel 交换级别#

swaplevel() 方法可以切换两个级别的顺序

In [89]: df[:5]
Out[89]: 
               0         1
one  y  1.519970 -0.493662
     x  0.600178  0.274230
zero y  0.132885 -0.023688
     x  2.410179  1.450520

In [90]: df[:5].swaplevel(0, 1, axis=0)
Out[90]: 
               0         1
y one   1.519970 -0.493662
x one   0.600178  0.274230
y zero  0.132885 -0.023688
x zero  2.410179  1.450520

使用 reorder_levels 重新排序级别#

方法reorder_levels() 泛化了 swaplevel 方法,允许您一步置换层次化索引级别

In [91]: df[:5].reorder_levels([1, 0], axis=0)
Out[91]: 
               0         1
y one   1.519970 -0.493662
x one   0.600178  0.274230
y zero  0.132885 -0.023688
x zero  2.410179  1.450520

重命名 Index 或 MultiIndex 的名称#

rename() 方法用于重命名 MultiIndex 的标签,通常用于重命名 DataFrame 的列。renamecolumns 参数允许指定一个字典,其中只包含您希望重命名的列。

In [92]: df.rename(columns={0: "col0", 1: "col1"})
Out[92]: 
            col0      col1
one  y  1.519970 -0.493662
     x  0.600178  0.274230
zero y  0.132885 -0.023688
     x  2.410179  1.450520

此方法也可用于重命名 DataFrame 主索引的特定标签。

In [93]: df.rename(index={"one": "two", "y": "z"})
Out[93]: 
               0         1
two  z  1.519970 -0.493662
     x  0.600178  0.274230
zero z  0.132885 -0.023688
     x  2.410179  1.450520

rename_axis() 方法用于重命名 IndexMultiIndex 的名称。特别是,可以指定 MultiIndex 级别的名称,这在以后使用 reset_index() 将值从 MultiIndex 移到列时非常有用。

In [94]: df.rename_axis(index=["abc", "def"])
Out[94]: 
                 0         1
abc  def                    
one  y    1.519970 -0.493662
     x    0.600178  0.274230
zero y    0.132885 -0.023688
     x    2.410179  1.450520

注意,DataFrame 的列是一个索引,因此使用带 columns 参数的 rename_axis 将更改该索引的名称。

In [95]: df.rename_axis(columns="Cols").columns
Out[95]: RangeIndex(start=0, stop=2, step=1, name='Cols')

renamerename_axis 都支持指定字典、Series 或映射函数来将标签/名称映射到新值。

直接使用 Index 对象而不是通过 DataFrame 时,可以使用 Index.set_names() 更改名称。

In [96]: mi = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2], ["a", "b"]], names=["x", "y"])

In [97]: mi.names
Out[97]: FrozenList(['x', 'y'])

In [98]: mi2 = mi.rename("new name", level=0)

In [99]: mi2
Out[99]: 
MultiIndex([(1, 'a'),
            (1, 'b'),
            (2, 'a'),
            (2, 'b')],
           names=['new name', 'y'])

您不能通过级别设置 MultiIndex 的名称。

In [100]: mi.levels[0].name = "name via level"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RuntimeError                              Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[100], line 1
----> 1 mi.levels[0].name = "name via level"

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:1690, in Index.name(self, value)
   1686 @name.setter
   1687 def name(self, value: Hashable) -> None:
   1688     if self._no_setting_name:
   1689         # Used in MultiIndex.levels to avoid silently ignoring name updates.
-> 1690         raise RuntimeError(
   1691             "Cannot set name on a level of a MultiIndex. Use "
   1692             "'MultiIndex.set_names' instead."
   1693         )
   1694     maybe_extract_name(value, None, type(self))
   1695     self._name = value

RuntimeError: Cannot set name on a level of a MultiIndex. Use 'MultiIndex.set_names' instead.

请改用 Index.set_names()

排序 MultiIndex#

为了有效索引和切片 MultiIndex 对象,它们需要进行排序。与任何索引一样,您可以使用sort_index()

In [101]: import random

In [102]: random.shuffle(tuples)

In [103]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(8), index=pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples))

In [104]: s
Out[104]: 
baz  one    0.206053
bar  one   -0.251905
baz  two   -2.213588
qux  two    1.063327
bar  two    1.266143
qux  one    0.299368
foo  two   -0.863838
     one    0.408204
dtype: float64

In [105]: s.sort_index()
Out[105]: 
bar  one   -0.251905
     two    1.266143
baz  one    0.206053
     two   -2.213588
foo  one    0.408204
     two   -0.863838
qux  one    0.299368
     two    1.063327
dtype: float64

In [106]: s.sort_index(level=0)
Out[106]: 
bar  one   -0.251905
     two    1.266143
baz  one    0.206053
     two   -2.213588
foo  one    0.408204
     two   -0.863838
qux  one    0.299368
     two    1.063327
dtype: float64

In [107]: s.sort_index(level=1)
Out[107]: 
bar  one   -0.251905
baz  one    0.206053
foo  one    0.408204
qux  one    0.299368
bar  two    1.266143
baz  two   -2.213588
foo  two   -0.863838
qux  two    1.063327
dtype: float64

如果 MultiIndex 级别已命名,您还可以将级别名称传递给 sort_index

In [108]: s.index = s.index.set_names(["L1", "L2"])

In [109]: s.sort_index(level="L1")
Out[109]: 
L1   L2 
bar  one   -0.251905
     two    1.266143
baz  one    0.206053
     two   -2.213588
foo  one    0.408204
     two   -0.863838
qux  one    0.299368
     two    1.063327
dtype: float64

In [110]: s.sort_index(level="L2")
Out[110]: 
L1   L2 
bar  one   -0.251905
baz  one    0.206053
foo  one    0.408204
qux  one    0.299368
bar  two    1.266143
baz  two   -2.213588
foo  two   -0.863838
qux  two    1.063327
dtype: float64

在高维对象上,如果其他轴具有 MultiIndex,您也可以按级别对其进行排序

In [111]: df.T.sort_index(level=1, axis=1)
Out[111]: 
        one      zero       one      zero
          x         x         y         y
0  0.600178  2.410179  1.519970  0.132885
1  0.274230  1.450520 -0.493662 -0.023688

即使数据未排序,索引也能工作,但效率会相当低(并显示 PerformanceWarning)。它还会返回数据的副本而不是视图

In [112]: dfm = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {"jim": [0, 0, 1, 1], "joe": ["x", "x", "z", "y"], "jolie": np.random.rand(4)}
   .....: )
   .....: 

In [113]: dfm = dfm.set_index(["jim", "joe"])

In [114]: dfm
Out[114]: 
            jolie
jim joe          
0   x    0.490671
    x    0.120248
1   z    0.537020
    y    0.110968

In [115]: dfm.loc[(1, 'z')]
Out[115]: 
           jolie
jim joe         
1   z    0.53702

此外,如果您尝试索引未完全按字典顺序排序的内容,可能会引发

In [116]: dfm.loc[(0, 'y'):(1, 'z')]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
UnsortedIndexError                        Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[116], line 1
----> 1 dfm.loc[(0, 'y'):(1, 'z')]

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1191, in _LocationIndexer.__getitem__(self, key)
   1189 maybe_callable = com.apply_if_callable(key, self.obj)
   1190 maybe_callable = self._check_deprecated_callable_usage(key, maybe_callable)
-> 1191 return self._getitem_axis(maybe_callable, axis=axis)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1411, in _LocIndexer._getitem_axis(self, key, axis)
   1409 if isinstance(key, slice):
   1410     self._validate_key(key, axis)
-> 1411     return self._get_slice_axis(key, axis=axis)
   1412 elif com.is_bool_indexer(key):
   1413     return self._getbool_axis(key, axis=axis)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1443, in _LocIndexer._get_slice_axis(self, slice_obj, axis)
   1440     return obj.copy(deep=False)
   1442 labels = obj._get_axis(axis)
-> 1443 indexer = labels.slice_indexer(slice_obj.start, slice_obj.stop, slice_obj.step)
   1445 if isinstance(indexer, slice):
   1446     return self.obj._slice(indexer, axis=axis)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:6662, in Index.slice_indexer(self, start, end, step)
   6618 def slice_indexer(
   6619     self,
   6620     start: Hashable | None = None,
   6621     end: Hashable | None = None,
   6622     step: int | None = None,
   6623 ) -> slice:
   6624     """
   6625     Compute the slice indexer for input labels and step.
   6626 
   (...)
   6660     slice(1, 3, None)
   6661     """
-> 6662     start_slice, end_slice = self.slice_locs(start, end, step=step)
   6664     # return a slice
   6665     if not is_scalar(start_slice):

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/multi.py:2904, in MultiIndex.slice_locs(self, start, end, step)
   2852 """
   2853 For an ordered MultiIndex, compute the slice locations for input
   2854 labels.
   (...)
   2900                       sequence of such.
   2901 """
   2902 # This function adds nothing to its parent implementation (the magic
   2903 # happens in get_slice_bound method), but it adds meaningful doc.
-> 2904 return super().slice_locs(start, end, step)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:6879, in Index.slice_locs(self, start, end, step)
   6877 start_slice = None
   6878 if start is not None:
-> 6879     start_slice = self.get_slice_bound(start, "left")
   6880 if start_slice is None:
   6881     start_slice = 0

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/multi.py:2848, in MultiIndex.get_slice_bound(self, label, side)
   2846 if not isinstance(label, tuple):
   2847     label = (label,)
-> 2848 return self._partial_tup_index(label, side=side)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/multi.py:2908, in MultiIndex._partial_tup_index(self, tup, side)
   2906 def _partial_tup_index(self, tup: tuple, side: Literal["left", "right"] = "left"):
   2907     if len(tup) > self._lexsort_depth:
-> 2908         raise UnsortedIndexError(
   2909             f"Key length ({len(tup)}) was greater than MultiIndex lexsort depth "
   2910             f"({self._lexsort_depth})"
   2911         )
   2913     n = len(tup)
   2914     start, end = 0, len(self)

UnsortedIndexError: 'Key length (2) was greater than MultiIndex lexsort depth (1)'

MultiIndex 上的 is_monotonic_increasing() 方法显示索引是否已排序

In [117]: dfm.index.is_monotonic_increasing
Out[117]: False
In [118]: dfm = dfm.sort_index()

In [119]: dfm
Out[119]: 
            jolie
jim joe          
0   x    0.490671
    x    0.120248
1   y    0.110968
    z    0.537020

In [120]: dfm.index.is_monotonic_increasing
Out[120]: True

现在选择按预期工作。

In [121]: dfm.loc[(0, "y"):(1, "z")]
Out[121]: 
            jolie
jim joe          
1   y    0.110968
    z    0.537020

Take 方法#

类似于 NumPy ndarray,pandas 的 IndexSeriesDataFrame 也提供了 take() 方法,该方法沿给定轴按给定索引检索元素。给定的索引必须是整数索引位置的列表或 ndarray。take 也接受负整数作为相对于对象末尾的位置。

In [122]: index = pd.Index(np.random.randint(0, 1000, 10))

In [123]: index
Out[123]: Index([214, 502, 712, 567, 786, 175, 993, 133, 758, 329], dtype='int64')

In [124]: positions = [0, 9, 3]

In [125]: index[positions]
Out[125]: Index([214, 329, 567], dtype='int64')

In [126]: index.take(positions)
Out[126]: Index([214, 329, 567], dtype='int64')

In [127]: ser = pd.Series(np.random.randn(10))

In [128]: ser.iloc[positions]
Out[128]: 
0   -0.179666
9    1.824375
3    0.392149
dtype: float64

In [129]: ser.take(positions)
Out[129]: 
0   -0.179666
9    1.824375
3    0.392149
dtype: float64

对于 DataFrames,给定的索引应该是指定行或列位置的一维列表或 ndarray。

In [130]: frm = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(5, 3))

In [131]: frm.take([1, 4, 3])
Out[131]: 
          0         1         2
1 -1.237881  0.106854 -1.276829
4  0.629675 -1.425966  1.857704
3  0.979542 -1.633678  0.615855

In [132]: frm.take([0, 2], axis=1)
Out[132]: 
          0         2
0  0.595974  0.601544
1 -1.237881 -1.276829
2 -0.767101  1.499591
3  0.979542  0.615855
4  0.629675  1.857704

重要的是要注意,pandas 对象上的 take 方法并非旨在处理布尔索引,并且可能返回意外结果。

In [133]: arr = np.random.randn(10)

In [134]: arr.take([False, False, True, True])
Out[134]: array([-1.1935, -1.1935,  0.6775,  0.6775])

In [135]: arr[[0, 1]]
Out[135]: array([-1.1935,  0.6775])

In [136]: ser = pd.Series(np.random.randn(10))

In [137]: ser.take([False, False, True, True])
Out[137]: 
0    0.233141
0    0.233141
1   -0.223540
1   -0.223540
dtype: float64

In [138]: ser.iloc[[0, 1]]
Out[138]: 
0    0.233141
1   -0.223540
dtype: float64

最后,关于性能的一点说明是,由于 take 方法处理的输入范围更窄,因此它可以提供比花式索引快得多的性能。

In [139]: arr = np.random.randn(10000, 5)

In [140]: indexer = np.arange(10000)

In [141]: random.shuffle(indexer)

In [142]: %timeit arr[indexer]
   .....: %timeit arr.take(indexer, axis=0)
   .....: 
262 us +- 15.4 us per loop (mean +- std. dev. of 7 runs, 1,000 loops each)
75.7 us +- 3.63 us per loop (mean +- std. dev. of 7 runs, 10,000 loops each)
In [143]: ser = pd.Series(arr[:, 0])

In [144]: %timeit ser.iloc[indexer]
   .....: %timeit ser.take(indexer)
   .....: 
141 us +- 6.06 us per loop (mean +- std. dev. of 7 runs, 10,000 loops each)
140 us +- 7.41 us per loop (mean +- std. dev. of 7 runs, 10,000 loops each)

索引类型#

我们在前面几节中详细讨论了 MultiIndexDatetimeIndexPeriodIndex 的文档显示在此处TimedeltaIndex 的文档可在此处找到。

在以下小节中,我们将重点介绍其他一些索引类型。

CategoricalIndex#

CategoricalIndex 是一种索引类型,对于支持重复索引非常有用。它是 Categorical 的包装容器,允许高效索引和存储大量重复元素的索引。

In [145]: from pandas.api.types import CategoricalDtype

In [146]: df = pd.DataFrame({"A": np.arange(6), "B": list("aabbca")})

In [147]: df["B"] = df["B"].astype(CategoricalDtype(list("cab")))

In [148]: df
Out[148]: 
   A  B
0  0  a
1  1  a
2  2  b
3  3  b
4  4  c
5  5  a

In [149]: df.dtypes
Out[149]: 
A       int64
B    category
dtype: object

In [150]: df["B"].cat.categories
Out[150]: Index(['c', 'a', 'b'], dtype='object')

设置索引将创建一个 CategoricalIndex

In [151]: df2 = df.set_index("B")

In [152]: df2.index
Out[152]: CategoricalIndex(['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'a'], categories=['c', 'a', 'b'], ordered=False, dtype='category', name='B')

使用 __getitem__/.iloc/.loc 进行索引的工作方式类似于具有重复项的 Index。索引器**必须**位于类别中,否则操作将引发 KeyError

In [153]: df2.loc["a"]
Out[153]: 
   A
B   
a  0
a  1
a  5

索引后,CategoricalIndex **会保留**

In [154]: df2.loc["a"].index
Out[154]: CategoricalIndex(['a', 'a', 'a'], categories=['c', 'a', 'b'], ordered=False, dtype='category', name='B')

排序索引将按类别的顺序进行排序(回想一下,我们使用 CategoricalDtype(list('cab')) 创建了索引,因此排序顺序是 cab)。

In [155]: df2.sort_index()
Out[155]: 
   A
B   
c  4
a  0
a  1
a  5
b  2
b  3

对索引进行 Groupby 操作也将保留索引的性质。

In [156]: df2.groupby(level=0, observed=True).sum()
Out[156]: 
   A
B   
c  4
a  6
b  5

In [157]: df2.groupby(level=0, observed=True).sum().index
Out[157]: CategoricalIndex(['c', 'a', 'b'], categories=['c', 'a', 'b'], ordered=False, dtype='category', name='B')

Reindexing 操作将根据传递的索引器类型返回结果索引。传递列表将返回一个普通的 Index;使用 Categorical 进行索引将返回一个 CategoricalIndex,根据**传递**的 Categorical dtype 的类别进行索引。这允许您任意索引这些(即使值**不**在类别中),类似于您可以重新索引**任何** pandas 索引的方式。

In [158]: df3 = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {"A": np.arange(3), "B": pd.Series(list("abc")).astype("category")}
   .....: )
   .....: 

In [159]: df3 = df3.set_index("B")

In [160]: df3
Out[160]: 
   A
B   
a  0
b  1
c  2
In [161]: df3.reindex(["a", "e"])
Out[161]: 
     A
B     
a  0.0
e  NaN

In [162]: df3.reindex(["a", "e"]).index
Out[162]: Index(['a', 'e'], dtype='object', name='B')

In [163]: df3.reindex(pd.Categorical(["a", "e"], categories=list("abe")))
Out[163]: 
     A
B     
a  0.0
e  NaN

In [164]: df3.reindex(pd.Categorical(["a", "e"], categories=list("abe"))).index
Out[164]: CategoricalIndex(['a', 'e'], categories=['a', 'b', 'e'], ordered=False, dtype='category', name='B')

警告

CategoricalIndex 的重塑和比较操作必须具有相同的类别,否则将引发 TypeError

In [165]: df4 = pd.DataFrame({"A": np.arange(2), "B": list("ba")})

In [166]: df4["B"] = df4["B"].astype(CategoricalDtype(list("ab")))

In [167]: df4 = df4.set_index("B")

In [168]: df4.index
Out[168]: CategoricalIndex(['b', 'a'], categories=['a', 'b'], ordered=False, dtype='category', name='B')

In [169]: df5 = pd.DataFrame({"A": np.arange(2), "B": list("bc")})

In [170]: df5["B"] = df5["B"].astype(CategoricalDtype(list("bc")))

In [171]: df5 = df5.set_index("B")

In [172]: df5.index
Out[172]: CategoricalIndex(['b', 'c'], categories=['b', 'c'], ordered=False, dtype='category', name='B')
In [173]: pd.concat([df4, df5])
Out[173]: 
   A
B   
b  0
a  1
b  0
c  1

RangeIndex#

RangeIndexIndex 的子类,为所有 DataFrameSeries 对象提供默认索引。RangeIndexIndex 的优化版本,可以表示单调有序集合。这些类似于 Python range typesRangeIndex 始终具有 int64 dtype。

In [174]: idx = pd.RangeIndex(5)

In [175]: idx
Out[175]: RangeIndex(start=0, stop=5, step=1)

RangeIndex 是所有 DataFrameSeries 对象的默认索引

In [176]: ser = pd.Series([1, 2, 3])

In [177]: ser.index
Out[177]: RangeIndex(start=0, stop=3, step=1)

In [178]: df = pd.DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

In [179]: df.index
Out[179]: RangeIndex(start=0, stop=2, step=1)

In [180]: df.columns
Out[180]: RangeIndex(start=0, stop=2, step=1)

RangeIndex 的行为类似于 int64 dtype 的 Index,并且 RangeIndex 上的操作,如果结果不能由 RangeIndex 表示但应该具有整数 dtype,则将被转换为 int64Index。例如

In [181]: idx[[0, 2]]
Out[181]: Index([0, 2], dtype='int64')

IntervalIndex#

IntervalIndex 及其自己的 dtype IntervalDtype 以及 Interval 标量类型,使得 pandas 对区间表示法提供了一流的支持。

IntervalIndex 允许一些独特的索引操作,也用作 cut()qcut() 中类别的返回类型。

使用 IntervalIndex 进行索引#

IntervalIndex 可在 SeriesDataFrame 中用作索引。

In [182]: df = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {"A": [1, 2, 3, 4]}, index=pd.IntervalIndex.from_breaks([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
   .....: )
   .....: 

In [183]: df
Out[183]: 
        A
(0, 1]  1
(1, 2]  2
(2, 3]  3
(3, 4]  4

沿着区间的边缘通过 .loc 进行基于标签的索引按预期工作,选择该特定区间。

In [184]: df.loc[2]
Out[184]: 
A    2
Name: (1, 2], dtype: int64

In [185]: df.loc[[2, 3]]
Out[185]: 
        A
(1, 2]  2
(2, 3]  3

如果您选择一个包含在区间内的标签,这也会选择该区间。

In [186]: df.loc[2.5]
Out[186]: 
A    3
Name: (2, 3], dtype: int64

In [187]: df.loc[[2.5, 3.5]]
Out[187]: 
        A
(2, 3]  3
(3, 4]  4

使用 Interval 进行选择将仅返回精确匹配项。

In [188]: df.loc[pd.Interval(1, 2)]
Out[188]: 
A    2
Name: (1, 2], dtype: int64

尝试选择一个未精确包含在 IntervalIndex 中的 Interval 将引发 KeyError

In [189]: df.loc[pd.Interval(0.5, 2.5)]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[189], line 1
----> 1 df.loc[pd.Interval(0.5, 2.5)]

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1191, in _LocationIndexer.__getitem__(self, key)
   1189 maybe_callable = com.apply_if_callable(key, self.obj)
   1190 maybe_callable = self._check_deprecated_callable_usage(key, maybe_callable)
-> 1191 return self._getitem_axis(maybe_callable, axis=axis)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1431, in _LocIndexer._getitem_axis(self, key, axis)
   1429 # fall thru to straight lookup
   1430 self._validate_key(key, axis)
-> 1431 return self._get_label(key, axis=axis)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1381, in _LocIndexer._get_label(self, label, axis)
   1379 def _get_label(self, label, axis: AxisInt):
   1380     # GH#5567 this will fail if the label is not present in the axis.
-> 1381     return self.obj.xs(label, axis=axis)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/generic.py:4301, in NDFrame.xs(self, key, axis, level, drop_level)
   4299             new_index = index[loc]
   4300 else:
-> 4301     loc = index.get_loc(key)
   4303     if isinstance(loc, np.ndarray):
   4304         if loc.dtype == np.bool_:

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/interval.py:678, in IntervalIndex.get_loc(self, key)
    676 matches = mask.sum()
    677 if matches == 0:
--> 678     raise KeyError(key)
    679 if matches == 1:
    680     return mask.argmax()

KeyError: Interval(0.5, 2.5, closed='right')

使用 overlaps() 方法可以选取与给定 Interval 重叠的所有 Interval,以创建布尔索引器。

In [190]: idxr = df.index.overlaps(pd.Interval(0.5, 2.5))

In [191]: idxr
Out[191]: array([ True,  True,  True, False])

In [192]: df[idxr]
Out[192]: 
        A
(0, 1]  1
(1, 2]  2
(2, 3]  3

使用 cutqcut 进行数据分箱#

cut()qcut() 都返回一个 Categorical 对象,它们创建的箱(bins)作为 IntervalIndex 存储在其 .categories 属性中。

In [193]: c = pd.cut(range(4), bins=2)

In [194]: c
Out[194]: 
[(-0.003, 1.5], (-0.003, 1.5], (1.5, 3.0], (1.5, 3.0]]
Categories (2, interval[float64, right]): [(-0.003, 1.5] < (1.5, 3.0]]

In [195]: c.categories
Out[195]: IntervalIndex([(-0.003, 1.5], (1.5, 3.0]], dtype='interval[float64, right]')

cut() 也接受 IntervalIndex 作为其 bins 参数,这实现了 pandas 中的一个有用用法。首先,我们使用一些数据和设置为固定数量的 bins 调用 cut() 来生成箱。然后,我们将 .categories 的值作为后续调用 cut()bins 参数,提供将分到相同箱中的新数据。

In [196]: pd.cut([0, 3, 5, 1], bins=c.categories)
Out[196]: 
[(-0.003, 1.5], (1.5, 3.0], NaN, (-0.003, 1.5]]
Categories (2, interval[float64, right]): [(-0.003, 1.5] < (1.5, 3.0]]

任何超出所有箱的值都将被分配 NaN 值。

生成区间范围#

如果我们需要具有固定频率的区间,可以使用 interval_range() 函数,结合使用 startendperiods 的各种组合来创建 IntervalIndexinterval_range 对于数值区间的默认频率是 1,对于日期时间类区间是日历日。

In [197]: pd.interval_range(start=0, end=5)
Out[197]: IntervalIndex([(0, 1], (1, 2], (2, 3], (3, 4], (4, 5]], dtype='interval[int64, right]')

In [198]: pd.interval_range(start=pd.Timestamp("2017-01-01"), periods=4)
Out[198]: 
IntervalIndex([(2017-01-01 00:00:00, 2017-01-02 00:00:00],
               (2017-01-02 00:00:00, 2017-01-03 00:00:00],
               (2017-01-03 00:00:00, 2017-01-04 00:00:00],
               (2017-01-04 00:00:00, 2017-01-05 00:00:00]],
              dtype='interval[datetime64[ns], right]')

In [199]: pd.interval_range(end=pd.Timedelta("3 days"), periods=3)
Out[199]: 
IntervalIndex([(0 days 00:00:00, 1 days 00:00:00],
               (1 days 00:00:00, 2 days 00:00:00],
               (2 days 00:00:00, 3 days 00:00:00]],
              dtype='interval[timedelta64[ns], right]')

freq 参数可用于指定非默认频率,并且可以与日期时间类区间一起使用各种 频率别名

In [200]: pd.interval_range(start=0, periods=5, freq=1.5)
Out[200]: IntervalIndex([(0.0, 1.5], (1.5, 3.0], (3.0, 4.5], (4.5, 6.0], (6.0, 7.5]], dtype='interval[float64, right]')

In [201]: pd.interval_range(start=pd.Timestamp("2017-01-01"), periods=4, freq="W")
Out[201]: 
IntervalIndex([(2017-01-01 00:00:00, 2017-01-08 00:00:00],
               (2017-01-08 00:00:00, 2017-01-15 00:00:00],
               (2017-01-15 00:00:00, 2017-01-22 00:00:00],
               (2017-01-22 00:00:00, 2017-01-29 00:00:00]],
              dtype='interval[datetime64[ns], right]')

In [202]: pd.interval_range(start=pd.Timedelta("0 days"), periods=3, freq="9h")
Out[202]: 
IntervalIndex([(0 days 00:00:00, 0 days 09:00:00],
               (0 days 09:00:00, 0 days 18:00:00],
               (0 days 18:00:00, 1 days 03:00:00]],
              dtype='interval[timedelta64[ns], right]')

此外,可以使用 closed 参数来指定区间的闭合侧。默认情况下,区间在右侧闭合。

In [203]: pd.interval_range(start=0, end=4, closed="both")
Out[203]: IntervalIndex([[0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4]], dtype='interval[int64, both]')

In [204]: pd.interval_range(start=0, end=4, closed="neither")
Out[204]: IntervalIndex([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)], dtype='interval[int64, neither]')

指定 startendperiods 将生成从 startend(包含)的等间隔区间范围,结果 IntervalIndex 中将有 periods 个元素。

In [205]: pd.interval_range(start=0, end=6, periods=4)
Out[205]: IntervalIndex([(0.0, 1.5], (1.5, 3.0], (3.0, 4.5], (4.5, 6.0]], dtype='interval[float64, right]')

In [206]: pd.interval_range(pd.Timestamp("2018-01-01"), pd.Timestamp("2018-02-28"), periods=3)
Out[206]: 
IntervalIndex([(2018-01-01 00:00:00, 2018-01-20 08:00:00],
               (2018-01-20 08:00:00, 2018-02-08 16:00:00],
               (2018-02-08 16:00:00, 2018-02-28 00:00:00]],
              dtype='interval[datetime64[ns], right]')

杂项索引常见问题#

整数索引#

使用整数轴标签的基于标签的索引是一个棘手的问题。在邮件列表和科学 Python 社区的各个成员中对此进行了大量讨论。在 pandas 中,我们的普遍观点是标签比整数位置更重要。因此,对于整数轴索引,*只能*使用 .loc 等标准工具进行基于标签的索引。以下代码将引发异常。

In [207]: s = pd.Series(range(5))

In [208]: s[-1]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/range.py:413, in RangeIndex.get_loc(self, key)
    412 try:
--> 413     return self._range.index(new_key)
    414 except ValueError as err:

ValueError: -1 is not in range

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[208], line 1
----> 1 s[-1]

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/series.py:1121, in Series.__getitem__(self, key)
   1118     return self._values[key]
   1120 elif key_is_scalar:
-> 1121     return self._get_value(key)
   1123 # Convert generator to list before going through hashable part
   1124 # (We will iterate through the generator there to check for slices)
   1125 if is_iterator(key):

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/series.py:1237, in Series._get_value(self, label, takeable)
   1234     return self._values[label]
   1236 # Similar to Index.get_value, but we do not fall back to positional
-> 1237 loc = self.index.get_loc(label)
   1239 if is_integer(loc):
   1240     return self._values[loc]

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/range.py:415, in RangeIndex.get_loc(self, key)
    413         return self._range.index(new_key)
    414     except ValueError as err:
--> 415         raise KeyError(key) from err
    416 if isinstance(key, Hashable):
    417     raise KeyError(key)

KeyError: -1

In [209]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(5, 4))

In [210]: df
Out[210]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.435772 -1.188928 -0.808286 -0.284634
1 -1.815703  1.347213 -0.243487  0.514704
2  1.162969 -0.287725 -0.179734  0.993962
3 -0.212673  0.909872 -0.733333 -0.349893
4  0.456434 -0.306735  0.553396  0.166221

In [211]: df.loc[-2:]
Out[211]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.435772 -1.188928 -0.808286 -0.284634
1 -1.815703  1.347213 -0.243487  0.514704
2  1.162969 -0.287725 -0.179734  0.993962
3 -0.212673  0.909872 -0.733333 -0.349893
4  0.456434 -0.306735  0.553396  0.166221

这个故意做出的决定是为了防止歧义和细微错误(许多用户报告称,当 API 更改为停止“回退”到基于位置的索引时,他们发现了错误)。

非单调索引需要精确匹配#

如果 SeriesDataFrame 的索引是单调递增或递减的,则基于标签的切片的边界可以超出索引的范围,这与对普通 Python list 进行切片索引非常相似。可以使用 is_monotonic_increasing()is_monotonic_decreasing() 属性测试索引的单调性。

In [212]: df = pd.DataFrame(index=[2, 3, 3, 4, 5], columns=["data"], data=list(range(5)))

In [213]: df.index.is_monotonic_increasing
Out[213]: True

# no rows 0 or 1, but still returns rows 2, 3 (both of them), and 4:
In [214]: df.loc[0:4, :]
Out[214]: 
   data
2     0
3     1
3     2
4     3

# slice is are outside the index, so empty DataFrame is returned
In [215]: df.loc[13:15, :]
Out[215]: 
Empty DataFrame
Columns: [data]
Index: []

另一方面,如果索引不是单调的,则两个切片边界都必须是索引的*唯一*成员。

In [216]: df = pd.DataFrame(index=[2, 3, 1, 4, 3, 5], columns=["data"], data=list(range(6)))

In [217]: df.index.is_monotonic_increasing
Out[217]: False

# OK because 2 and 4 are in the index
In [218]: df.loc[2:4, :]
Out[218]: 
   data
2     0
3     1
1     2
4     3
 # 0 is not in the index
In [219]: df.loc[0:4, :]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:3805, in Index.get_loc(self, key)
   3804 try:
-> 3805     return self._engine.get_loc(casted_key)
   3806 except KeyError as err:

File index.pyx:167, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc()

File index.pyx:191, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc()

File index.pyx:234, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine._get_loc_duplicates()

File index.pyx:242, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine._maybe_get_bool_indexer()

File index.pyx:134, in pandas._libs.index._unpack_bool_indexer()

KeyError: 0

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[219], line 1
----> 1 df.loc[0:4, :]

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1184, in _LocationIndexer.__getitem__(self, key)
   1182     if self._is_scalar_access(key):
   1183         return self.obj._get_value(*key, takeable=self._takeable)
-> 1184     return self._getitem_tuple(key)
   1185 else:
   1186     # we by definition only have the 0th axis
   1187     axis = self.axis or 0

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1377, in _LocIndexer._getitem_tuple(self, tup)
   1374 if self._multi_take_opportunity(tup):
   1375     return self._multi_take(tup)
-> 1377 return self._getitem_tuple_same_dim(tup)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1020, in _LocationIndexer._getitem_tuple_same_dim(self, tup)
   1017 if com.is_null_slice(key):
   1018     continue
-> 1020 retval = getattr(retval, self.name)._getitem_axis(key, axis=i)
   1021 # We should never have retval.ndim < self.ndim, as that should
   1022 #  be handled by the _getitem_lowerdim call above.
   1023 assert retval.ndim == self.ndim

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1411, in _LocIndexer._getitem_axis(self, key, axis)
   1409 if isinstance(key, slice):
   1410     self._validate_key(key, axis)
-> 1411     return self._get_slice_axis(key, axis=axis)
   1412 elif com.is_bool_indexer(key):
   1413     return self._getbool_axis(key, axis=axis)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1443, in _LocIndexer._get_slice_axis(self, slice_obj, axis)
   1440     return obj.copy(deep=False)
   1442 labels = obj._get_axis(axis)
-> 1443 indexer = labels.slice_indexer(slice_obj.start, slice_obj.stop, slice_obj.step)
   1445 if isinstance(indexer, slice):
   1446     return self.obj._slice(indexer, axis=axis)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:6662, in Index.slice_indexer(self, start, end, step)
   6618 def slice_indexer(
   6619     self,
   6620     start: Hashable | None = None,
   6621     end: Hashable | None = None,
   6622     step: int | None = None,
   6623 ) -> slice:
   6624     """
   6625     Compute the slice indexer for input labels and step.
   6626 
   (...)
   6660     slice(1, 3, None)
   6661     """
-> 6662     start_slice, end_slice = self.slice_locs(start, end, step=step)
   6664     # return a slice
   6665     if not is_scalar(start_slice):

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:6879, in Index.slice_locs(self, start, end, step)
   6877 start_slice = None
   6878 if start is not None:
-> 6879     start_slice = self.get_slice_bound(start, "left")
   6880 if start_slice is None:
   6881     start_slice = 0

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:6804, in Index.get_slice_bound(self, label, side)
   6801         return self._searchsorted_monotonic(label, side)
   6802     except ValueError:
   6803         # raise the original KeyError
-> 6804         raise err
   6806 if isinstance(slc, np.ndarray):
   6807     # get_loc may return a boolean array, which
   6808     # is OK as long as they are representable by a slice.
   6809     assert is_bool_dtype(slc.dtype)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:6798, in Index.get_slice_bound(self, label, side)
   6796 # we need to look up the label
   6797 try:
-> 6798     slc = self.get_loc(label)
   6799 except KeyError as err:
   6800     try:

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:3812, in Index.get_loc(self, key)
   3807     if isinstance(casted_key, slice) or (
   3808         isinstance(casted_key, abc.Iterable)
   3809         and any(isinstance(x, slice) for x in casted_key)
   3810     ):
   3811         raise InvalidIndexError(key)
-> 3812     raise KeyError(key) from err
   3813 except TypeError:
   3814     # If we have a listlike key, _check_indexing_error will raise
   3815     #  InvalidIndexError. Otherwise we fall through and re-raise
   3816     #  the TypeError.
   3817     self._check_indexing_error(key)

KeyError: 0

 # 3 is not a unique label
In [220]: df.loc[2:3, :]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[220], line 1
----> 1 df.loc[2:3, :]

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1184, in _LocationIndexer.__getitem__(self, key)
   1182     if self._is_scalar_access(key):
   1183         return self.obj._get_value(*key, takeable=self._takeable)
-> 1184     return self._getitem_tuple(key)
   1185 else:
   1186     # we by definition only have the 0th axis
   1187     axis = self.axis or 0

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1377, in _LocIndexer._getitem_tuple(self, tup)
   1374 if self._multi_take_opportunity(tup):
   1375     return self._multi_take(tup)
-> 1377 return self._getitem_tuple_same_dim(tup)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1020, in _LocationIndexer._getitem_tuple_same_dim(self, tup)
   1017 if com.is_null_slice(key):
   1018     continue
-> 1020 retval = getattr(retval, self.name)._getitem_axis(key, axis=i)
   1021 # We should never have retval.ndim < self.ndim, as that should
   1022 #  be handled by the _getitem_lowerdim call above.
   1023 assert retval.ndim == self.ndim

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1411, in _LocIndexer._getitem_axis(self, key, axis)
   1409 if isinstance(key, slice):
   1410     self._validate_key(key, axis)
-> 1411     return self._get_slice_axis(key, axis=axis)
   1412 elif com.is_bool_indexer(key):
   1413     return self._getbool_axis(key, axis=axis)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexing.py:1443, in _LocIndexer._get_slice_axis(self, slice_obj, axis)
   1440     return obj.copy(deep=False)
   1442 labels = obj._get_axis(axis)
-> 1443 indexer = labels.slice_indexer(slice_obj.start, slice_obj.stop, slice_obj.step)
   1445 if isinstance(indexer, slice):
   1446     return self.obj._slice(indexer, axis=axis)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:6662, in Index.slice_indexer(self, start, end, step)
   6618 def slice_indexer(
   6619     self,
   6620     start: Hashable | None = None,
   6621     end: Hashable | None = None,
   6622     step: int | None = None,
   6623 ) -> slice:
   6624     """
   6625     Compute the slice indexer for input labels and step.
   6626 
   (...)
   6660     slice(1, 3, None)
   6661     """
-> 6662     start_slice, end_slice = self.slice_locs(start, end, step=step)
   6664     # return a slice
   6665     if not is_scalar(start_slice):

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:6885, in Index.slice_locs(self, start, end, step)
   6883 end_slice = None
   6884 if end is not None:
-> 6885     end_slice = self.get_slice_bound(end, "right")
   6886 if end_slice is None:
   6887     end_slice = len(self)

File ~/work/pandas/pandas/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:6812, in Index.get_slice_bound(self, label, side)
   6810     slc = lib.maybe_booleans_to_slice(slc.view("u1"))
   6811     if isinstance(slc, np.ndarray):
-> 6812         raise KeyError(
   6813             f"Cannot get {side} slice bound for non-unique "
   6814             f"label: {repr(original_label)}"
   6815         )
   6817 if isinstance(slc, slice):
   6818     if side == "left":

KeyError: 'Cannot get right slice bound for non-unique label: 3'

Index.is_monotonic_increasingIndex.is_monotonic_decreasing 只检查索引是否是弱单调的。要检查严格单调性,可以将其中一个与 is_unique() 属性结合使用。

In [221]: weakly_monotonic = pd.Index(["a", "b", "c", "c"])

In [222]: weakly_monotonic
Out[222]: Index(['a', 'b', 'c', 'c'], dtype='object')

In [223]: weakly_monotonic.is_monotonic_increasing
Out[223]: True

In [224]: weakly_monotonic.is_monotonic_increasing & weakly_monotonic.is_unique
Out[224]: False

端点是包含的#

与标准 Python 序列切片中不包含切片端点不同,pandas 中基于标签的切片**是包含的**。这样做的主要原因是,通常无法轻松确定索引中特定标签之后的“后继”或下一个元素。例如,考虑以下 Series

In [225]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(6), index=list("abcdef"))

In [226]: s
Out[226]: 
a   -0.101684
b   -0.734907
c   -0.130121
d   -0.476046
e    0.759104
f    0.213379
dtype: float64

假设我们希望从 c 切片到 e,使用整数可以这样实现

In [227]: s[2:5]
Out[227]: 
c   -0.130121
d   -0.476046
e    0.759104
dtype: float64

然而,如果只有 ce,确定索引中的下一个元素可能会有点复杂。例如,以下代码不起作用

In [228]: s.loc['c':'e' + 1]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[228], line 1
----> 1 s.loc['c':'e' + 1]

TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str

一个非常常见的用例是将时间序列限制在两个特定日期开始和结束。为了实现这一点,我们做出了设计选择,使基于标签的切片包含两个端点。

In [229]: s.loc["c":"e"]
Out[229]: 
c   -0.130121
d   -0.476046
e    0.759104
dtype: float64

这绝对是一种“实用性胜于纯粹性”的事情,但如果你期望基于标签的切片行为与标准 Python 整数切片完全一样,则需要注意这一点。

索引可能会改变底层 Series 的 dtype#

不同的索引操作可能会改变 Series 的 dtype。

In [230]: series1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3])

In [231]: series1.dtype
Out[231]: dtype('int64')

In [232]: res = series1.reindex([0, 4])

In [233]: res.dtype
Out[233]: dtype('float64')

In [234]: res
Out[234]: 
0    1.0
4    NaN
dtype: float64
In [235]: series2 = pd.Series([True])

In [236]: series2.dtype
Out[236]: dtype('bool')

In [237]: res = series2.reindex_like(series1)

In [238]: res.dtype
Out[238]: dtype('O')

In [239]: res
Out[239]: 
0    True
1     NaN
2     NaN
dtype: object

这是因为上述(重新)索引操作会静默地插入 NaNs,并且 dtype 会随之改变。在使用 numpy ufuncs(例如 numpy.logical_and)时,这可能会导致一些问题。

有关更详细的讨论,请参阅 GH 2388